Deforestation: Its Devastating Effects on South American Rainforests Es

Presentation Tropical rainforests are the Earth?s most seasoned, most extravagant, generally profitable, and most complex living biological systems. They are situated all through huge numbers of the world?s mainlands including South America, Africa, and Asia and are characterized by a couple of explicit elements. Their area must be inside the areas of the tropics and they should get between 4-8 meters of downpour for every year (contrasted with around 1-2 meters in the United States). These woods likewise have no ?irregularity?, which implies that they come up short on a clear dry or cold period of eased back development. Rainforests are the most important ecological substance on this planet as they give the world most of its types of creatures and plants, food assets, and drugs. In light of their extraordinary significance, rainforests are additionally being utilized for financial and social government assistance. The pace of territory decimation has expanded to 2.47 sections of land every second, 214,000 sections of land every day, and around 78 million sections of land every year. Rainforests house the greater part of the living life forms on Earth, however 50,000 of these species are getting terminated in these one of a kind districts for every year. That converts into 6 species for every hour and 137 species every day. These overall numerical rates show the direness that is required to spare these valuable woodlands. Data including the obliteration happening in South America at present and in the past will offer an increasingly close view concerning the impacts of rainforest deforestation. Attributes of South American Rainforests Review South America, with its rich and broad tropical backwoods, is a key case of the cruel real factors of tropical rainforest exhaustion. Nations, for example, Brazil, Bolivi... ... cover, materials, oxygen, medication, and riches. The financial benefit and modernization accessible from these huge stretches of asset filled land, allures the two organizations and shoppers to exploit the earth. This obliviousness and self-centeredness has prompted the about complete pulverization of these extraordinary asset treasures. Without these areas, a great part of the species on Earth would endure to the point of termination. Clearly except if utilization is eased back essentially and these zones of assorted variety are permitted to keep up and recapture their strength over the South American scene, very little time will go before their total vanishing is a reality. With a consolidated exertion from many created nations around the globe and the administrations of the local rainforest countries, salvation can be accomplished for these invaluable South American rainforests.

Women In Shakespeare Essays - The Taming Of The Shrew, Fiction

Ladies In Shakespeare Ladies in Shakespeare Frequently in writing, matches are utilized to emphasize certain things. William Shakespeare uses this apparatus in both The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream. In both of these comedic plays, there is a lot of ladies who are at chances with one another. These connections can be thoroughly analyzed in various angles. In Shakespeare's, The Taming of the Shrew the connection between the sisters Katherine and Bianca gives off an impression of being stressed with uncontrolled envy. The two little girls battle for the considerations of their dad. In contorted equal jobs, they alternate being coy and witch like. Father of the two, Baptista Minola, whines with potential admirers for youthful Bianca and won't let them come calling until his senior, testy little girl Katherine is hitched. The peruser is to accept that compliant, amiable, sensitive Bianca is dying while her a lot more seasoned, maturing, brutish sister torments the family with her foul tongue. Katherine appears to hold disdain toward Bianca. Her dad favors Bianca over Katherine and gets them far from eachothers' torment. When men of honor come calling, Bianca falls down behind her dad and Katherine supports herself. I ask you sir, is it your will to make a stale of me among these mates? (1.1.57-58) Bianca and Katherine loathe each other hotly. Katherine torments Bianca with words and physical mischief. She ties her hands, pulls her hair at that point delivers her to her dad and the respectable men guests. Bianca precludes preferring any from securing the guests and depicts herself an honest that simply needs to learn and comply with her seniors. She says, Sister, content you in my discontent to your pleasure submissively I buy in. My books and instruments will be my organization, on them to look and practice without anyone else. (1.1.80-84) Because Katherine talks uninhibitedly and advocates for herself she is named as irritable. When Hortensio portrays her to Petruccio, he rambles that she is famous in Padua for her chastening tongue. ( 1.2.96) He plates the lily further by expressly recounting her reasonable fortune if appropriate man comes pursuing and wins her deliver marriage. Petruccio sees dollar signs and surges forward in fantastic dress and expressive characteristics to court the thoughtful Kate. At the point when he initially starts his custom of winning the family and Katherine to his adoration, he is looking for his fortune in her share. The notice of her being at all bothersome doesn't place shakes in his way. He talks about One rich enough to be Petruccio's better half, as riches is weight of my charming move be she as foul just like Florentius' adoration, as old as Sibyl, and as curst and keen as Socrates' Xanthippe or a more awful, she moves me not or not expels at any rate warmth's edge in me, were she as harsh similar to the growing Adriatic Seas. (1.2.65-71) Petruccio comes requiring the more established sister, and Bianca thusly sneaks about with Lucentio who is wearing researchers apparel. They profess to be chipping away at Latin and imbecile her dad with camouflages and books while romancing the whole time. Katherine is straightforward in her words and deeds. She doesn't wish to be prodded or tormented and escapes from Petruccio's turned words. Kate and Bianca exchange jobs as of now and the petite, controlled sister is Kate. The bolder, out-spoken Bianca charms her Lucentio in the patio of the Minola home. At the Sunday wedding social affair of Petruccio and Katherine, the man of the hour snatches the reins of control and requests that he and his lady of the hour leave the merriments before they have started. He offers Bianca and Lucentio the room and gathering that they should desert. This represents the exchange of disposition in the two sisters. Kate needs to follow her new spouse out of the home and leaves Bianca free meander over the wedding party. At the point when the sisters are united once more, it is at the wedding merriments of Bianca and Lucentio just as the Widow and Hortensio. Katherine is known as a wench once more by the Widow and Bianca plays straightforwardly with Petruccio. The three new ladies leave the eating table and make for the living room with different ladies. The three men are left to conversation and after

You Are What You Wear Free Essays

Whoever said â€Å"clothes make a man† had the correct thought regarding individuals see each other on the principal look. Regardless, a major piece of the early introduction that we make when you meet somebody relies upon what you look like †which is fundamentally how you’re dressed. Looking great is a fixation on individuals nowadays. We will compose a custom article test on You Are What You Wear or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now We love to keep up on the most recent patterns and ensure we’re brandishing the most stylish trend. Simply investigate you. Bangalis appear to be truly finding the remainder of the globe with regards to form inclines these days.The style industry is quickly cutting itself a sizable specialty here. Contrasted with even a couple of years back, boutiques and style houses are springing up all over the place. There’s more open doors opening up for the design addicts with school offering degrees in design planning to assist individuals with releasing their innovativeness with regards to exhibiting their feeling of style. In our free for all to turn out to be more design forward, there’s constantly a little blow-back that goes with the job at whatever point you attempt to keep the pace. In a general public that’s experiencing a significant change, we appear to have come up short on a couple of patterns that we embraced from our neighbors. Attempting to change them into our own particular manner of getting things done, some a few days ago I was sitting at the cafeteria of my college grounds and understood that there’s many individuals who simply put things on the grounds that it’s in design. Not to sound totally critical, however in the event that you appear at school with a 80’s style bouffant consummation in a long mesh, wearing a profoundly weaved shalwar kameez with extremely dressy gems, individuals will ponder about the occasion.It’s amusing to peruse through people’s changing tastes, yet a few groups make you truly wonder what welcomed it on. When asked what the event was, my spruced up schoolmate answered, â€Å"the 80’s are in†¦ don’t you watch films and cleansers?! † I got a comparable answer from someone else when gotten some information about the new style of kameez that look a great deal like gowns. These gown dresses worn with churidar shalwars are labeled the â€Å"Anarkali Kameez†, and are somewhat well known among individuals. How suitable they are for day at the college, or at work even is an inquiry I need to pose yet truly can’t. The most silly of all altered desi style patterns, as I would like to think, is anyway the â€Å"short† pattern. There are some that take the lower leg length shalwar pattern so truly that they brought forth another marvel. Lo and view, it is the â€Å"three quarter† shalwar which closes an inch or two inch over your lower leg. It glances decent in summer when short molds are in. By and by I think it’s an extraordinary method to consolidate the edited investigate desi clothes.On the drawback however when you’re all enveloped with warm shawls in winter, trimmed shalwars truly don’t make a generally excellent style articulation. Unexpectedly, on the off chance that you truly need to wear a short kameez, ensure it’s a kameez and not a kurta or a fatua you’re brandishing over a shalwar. Put on a genuine fatua with a conventional shalwar and take a stab at the look. It sort of looks odd. At that point there are the western patterns that we attempt to imitate and some of the time wind up looking rather odd. Come winter, everybody draws out the coats and pants. It’s the one season in the entire year when you can wear western designs without being called â€Å"inappropriately dressed†. Of course, on the off chance that you choose a coat with a hide lined hood for a day out in the Bangali winter, I might want to inquire as to why. That is to say, when it’s still bright the entire day in November do you truly require a hide lined hooded coat? I’m sure Beyonce wore something comparable in a video a week ago, however she lives in Northern America where it snows. Additionally, boots in Bangladesh are somewhat ludicrous on the off chance that you ask me. They are charming, however honestly†¦ what event might call for boots, even in winter?The nearest thing to boots one may even need in this nation are most likely rain boots in rainstorm when the lanes are water logged and you need to swim through waste whenever you choose to walk. Tragically enough however, what truly draws out the most exceedingly terrible in individuals is the point at which you put on garments whether or not they look great on you. Like my in advance of referenced colleague, there are such a large number of individuals who wear garments since they are in style. Perhaps the dearest companion appeared at class a day or two ago wearing very close thin pants with a short shirt.Catch was, she’s on the heavier finish of the scales. Her reason, â€Å"everyone wears them†. However, upon a decent look in a full length reflect she let it be known failed to help the additional pounds she included during the last eid occasions. As of late however, other than bollywood patterns and drama forms, many individuals appear to get on western style patterns. The â€Å"emo† patterns appear to have truly made a blemish on the more youthful group in Dhaka. Wherever you look, there’s a child with the side cleared blasts and dull garments with an agonizing attitude.But, here too are those that get the look right and the ones who couldn’t choose somewhere between Emo, Hannah Montana and Beyonce. The impact I should state is somewhat disturbing when you blend the three. Obviously, thank god they haven’t found Lady Gaga. What you wear, truly defines who you are the first occasion when somebody takes a gander at you. The most ideal approach to establish a decent connection is to ensure you look fashionable †which implies you are properly dressed for the event and look great in what you wear. Appearing at a prospective employee meet-up looking like you’re on your way to a wedding is not really the most ideal approach to introduce yourself.While many individuals would discount design as something flighty and not worth burning through a lot of time on, I for one think it’s essential to invest a touch of energy on what you look like. Despite the fact that, while keeping up on the most popular trends and looking great is significant, it’s additionally great to realize what look works for you. In the event that you can't pull it off, don’t put it on. The vast majority of time’s you will wind up watching fairly unusual. It’s great to explore and see that separates you from the rest. On the other, it’s great to hold up under as a main priority †not every person is Lady Gaga. The most effective method to refer to You Are What You Wear, Papers

E-learning is a way to study using electronic and educational technology to access curriculum outside

What is e-learning? Most of families have a computer today. If 20 years ago it was a dream of every person to have a PC, today people have computers in all different shapes and forms: smart phones, tabs, lap tops, etc. All of these devices are made not just for fun though; they open up a new world of education tools that could be used to facilitate one's learning experience. More than that, out of that there have developed such a new concept as e-learning which signifies electronic learning. The term is used in a variety of settings but for the most part it means a way to undergo a part or all of an educational course online. It can relate to school course, some kind of business training or any other type of education. E-learning is a way to study using electronic and educational technology to access curriculum outside of what we think of a traditional classroom. Usually, when people talk about e-learning they refer to a course or program delivered online.    Benefits and Features of E-Learning    Those people who are involved in e-learning in one way or another are aware of the available learning tools and advantages it can provide to both an individual and organization. As time goes by, one can see that more and more individuals seek to obtain education online. It is mostly because of the flexible nature of e-learning that allows providing pretty much any kind of training distantly. Students often sign up for e-learning events to get additional learning resources/opportunities while other use this type of education for career advancement. Regardless of your goals and motivation, e-learning is a great tool to gain the desired knowledge and/or skills in a comfortable environment. Here are the things why people look out for e-learning opportunities:    Lower Costs. The costs of learning is drastically reduced both for the individuals as well for the companies that need their employees educated. E-learning usually assumes cost-effective savings in terms of course materials, trainers (including their travel and accommodation). Effective Learning. Recent studies demonstrate that e-learning becomes such a popular method of receiving education because it makes it easier to digest information for trainees. The numbers show the improved scores on various evaluations and better long-term retention of information. Fast Delivery. Classroom-based education eats up a good deal of time as opposed to e-learning that can offer quicker delivery cycle time. Traditional learning usually takes 25-60% more time. Due to its nature, e-learning can significantly cut down the training time required which is so important at a time when changes come faster than ever. Convenient Way to Gain Knowledge. All learners want today in terms of education is mobile, self-paced and relevant content. Educational technology and e-learning can much better meet this need than traditional education. Besides, learning tools of online education allow for more personalized trainings which is also highly valued among trainees and students. Obviously, there are some disadvantages of e-learning as well. For example, such way of gaining knowledge and skills is technology dependent which means that learners will need to have access to a computer that meets certain specifications (as dictated by the supplier of e-learning). Also, this kind of education may be unsuitable for certain types of training, especially those that require inter-personal contact. Physically challenged students with visual or certain physical impairments may be disadvantaged. But it seems like the aforementioned downsides won’t stop e-learning from spreading all around the world as more and more people seek out to make use of this modern educational opportunity.    Now that you know the answer to the question â€Å"What is e-learning?†, you can evaluate the opportunity and see if that is something you would want to try. There are a lot of online courses offered today for free that you can check yourself. We are sure that if there is anything specific you wanted to learn then you shouldn’t have a hard time finding the appropriate e-learning course online. But this is just one of the tools that apparently will be becoming more and more popular these days. It will unlikely become a substitute for traditional education in the nearest time but it certainly can be an additional learning tool for those who seek a convenient way of receiving quality education.   If you need any writing assistance, please don’t hesitate to contact our company. Whether you need it in terms of completing your e-learning writing assignment or for any other purpose, we will be more than willing to help you out. Blog tags:E-Learning

The Social Contract By Jean- Jacques Rousseau - 1512 Words

The Social Contract by Jean- Jacques Rousseau can be seen as the foundation of the American political system. This is only true if the state believes to only serve the will of the people and that they are the full political power. They are the ones who give the power, or take away the power. I think that this is relevant when Rousseau brings up the general will and the will of all. Before I go into that I think it is important to go through the difference between what the general will is and the will of all. The general will is the will of the sovereign, it aims at the common good and it is expressed in the laws. The will of all is simply what we get when we add up everything that each individual wants. From this, I think that we are able to recognize the general will from the will of all by saying the general will is the will of the people in their position as a sovereign and the will of all is the will of the people in their position as citizens. Although it seems that it is easy to distinguish between the two, it is hard to make it clear through the political system. Rousseau believes that they can be determined through the popular vote, although he gives indication of whether the results of a certain popular vote in the end represents the general will or the will of all, and this leads to the question he even presents in The Social Contract, can the general will be wrong? The distinction of the general will versus the will of all is important because itShow MoreRelatedThe Social Contract By Jean Jacques Rousseau1271 Words   |  6 Pages ‘The Social Contract’ was written in 1762 by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Often viewed as one of the most important philosophers during the Enlightenment Era, Rousseau wrote ‘The Social Contract’ to explain his theory of how society originated, as well as how much authority government should have over those under its power. He also explained why people within a society should have more authority when it comes to establishing laws. Rousseau concluded that Legislative and Executive bodies must be establishedRead MoreJean Jacque Rousseau s Theory Of A Social Contract881 Words   |  4 Pages Jean Jacque Rousseau was one of the most controversial philosophers from 1712-1778. The first to speak explicitly of human rights. He was a Swiss philosopher who was influenced by the French revolution. He believed that people basically everyone is good but it s society that corrupts them to do wrong. Each philosopher had their own ideal world, and his was to have people make la ws and obey them. However, Rousseau has a different opinion on the theory of a social contract but also did help developRead MoreSocial Contract Hypothesis By John Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau1723 Words   |  7 PagesSocial contract hypothesis, about as old as logic itself, is the perspective that persons ethical and/or political commitments are indigent upon an agreement or assention among them to shape the general public in which they live. Socrates uses something truly like a social contract contention to disclose to Crito why he must stay in jail and acknowledge capital punishment. In any case, social contract hypothesis is rightly connected with cutting edge moral and political hypothesis and is givenRead MoreMontesquieu s Spirit Of Laws And Jean Jacques Rousseau s On The Social Contract1620 Words   |  7 Pagesor the people who permit the government to exist? This is the main point of contention between Baron de Montesquieu s Spirit of Laws and Jean-Jacques Rousseau s On the Social Contract. Interestingly, their interpretation of different forms of government converge on the sovereignty of a democracy, but that is where most of their common ground lies. While Rousseau shares similarities on the sovereign authority of a democracy with Montesquieu, he departs by arguing how regardless of government, sovereigntyRead MoreEssay on Biography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau1349 Words   |  6 PagesBiography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau MAN is born free; and everywhere he is in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave then they. How did this change come about? I do not know. How can it be legitimate? That question I think I can answer. (RousseauRead MoreJean-Jacques Rousseau1524 Words   |  7 PagesTopic #1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau makes the provocative claim that the transfer of sovereignty involves in the election of representatives signifies a loss of freedom: The instant a people chooses representatives, it is no longer free. (On the Social Contract, p.103) Do you agree with Rousseau? The book On the Social Contract published on 1762 by Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of his most important works, which points out the basis for a genuine political order and freedom. One of Jean-Jacques RousseauRead MoreModern Liberalism and Political Policies1337 Words   |  6 PagesModern Liberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophies and theories each differ from one another’s, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state. Modern liberalismRead MoreJean Domat, Montesquieu And Jean Jacques Rousseau859 Words   |  4 Pagesviewpoints on government due to basing their ideas on the same former structures. But, in contrast new government structures include a variety of variations. Therefore, Jean Domat, Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau have major differences in their outlooks on government, but they do share similar aspects. To start off with, Jean Domat was a French jurist who ideas stem from the kings practice of royal absolutism. In addition, Domat also established a large presence of the law of God within herRead MoreJean-Jacques Rousseau the French Philosopher779 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Jean-Jacques Rousseau the French Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born June 28, 1712 in Geneva, Switzerland, to French Huguenot parents, Isaac Rousseau, a clock maker, and Suzanne Bernard, who died only a few days after his birth. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most important philosophers of the French enlightenment. During the 1700s the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau criticized what he saw as his era’s excessive reliance on reason and claimed that people should relyRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages1a. The Social Contract Theory According to the Social Contract Theory, it suggests that all individuals must depend on an agreement/ or contract among each person to form a society, in which they live in. The concept emphasizes authority over individuals, in other words, the social contract favors authority (e.g. the Sovereign) over the individuals, because men have to forfeit their personal right and freedom to the government, in exchange for protection and security, which I will further elaborate

The Early Greek And Roman Empires - 1952 Words

The earliest written accounts of depression date back to texts from ancient Mesopotamia, under the name melancholia. Little was understood about mental health at this point in time, and most mental illnesses and mood disorders were instead treated as demonic possessions. Treatment was left in the hands of religious leaders rather than medical practitioners, and most often involved practices of exorcism; beating and starvation were widely used, and were thought to drive evil spirits out of the bodies they afflicted. With the rise of the early Greek and Roman empires, treatment of the mentally ill began to see changes. Melancholia was viewed through a more progressive lens, and became regarded not as possession but as a true physiological†¦show more content†¦Among them were diet and exercise, traveling, music, and herbal remedies. Following Burton’s work in the 18th to the early 19th centuries, widespread views about depression did begin to change—rather than being viewed as the interference of evil spirits and demons, the general belief became that depression in a person was indicative of an inherent weakness of character. This pattern of thought led to further social isolation of depressed individuals, as many were shunned to live in poverty while others were frequently institutionalized against their wills. If anything about depression remained clear throughout history, it was that no one specific cause could be isolated and pinpointed. Burton and Hippocrates both suggested a combination of social, economic, and physiological influences that could combine to cause the development of mental illness; modern understanding indicates genetics, brain biology and chemistry, trauma, stress, and substance abuse can be, and often are, causes of depression. It is understood now that genetics in particular is an important factor, as a person with a family history of depression is two to three times more likely to be depressed themselves. It is important to note, however, that there are currently no known genes that specifically lead to the development of depression—rather, a person most likely inherits a combination of genes from parents who have had depression, and this combination will strongly predispose them

Assignment on To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example For Students

Assignment on To Kill a Mockingbird Essay The novel To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, is told in the first person, the readers are inside the head of a young child looking back at the events of her family life which took place over a period of two and a half years ago. In a way there are two narrators to the story, one being Scout as an innocent child and the other, her as a young woman who is learning new things and showing the contrast of how much her mind begins to change as she grows older. We are introduced to the narrative technique that will be used throughout the story; Scout is the narrator as well as a participant. Events are recounted through a childs eyes, however Scout is also describing the events in retrospect; we see the story evolve not only from the viewpoint of a child but also with the sight of maturity. Harper Lee portrays Scout in many different ways, them being, the things she does, the things she says and the things people say about her. Scout has many different roles and relationships in her life and its those things what makes her who she is. Scout is an innocent 6 year old; she loves Atticus Jem, although she has no memory of her mother, who she lost while she was very young; although she is so young and hasnt been to school long enough to learn much she is able to read; she uses her mouth to fight back when she thinks adults are wrong- this shows maturity and knowledge. Miss Maudies house catches on fire, as Jem and Scout watch, Boo, unnoticed by them, puts a blanket around Scout, Jem realises who has put it there and tells all to Atticus the events concerning Boo. At first Scout does not understand. Scout is a daughter; she copes with being the only girl amongst all boys; she learns how to swear from a young age which is complicating for Atticus; she asks Atticus difficult questions, she is very mischievous, she wants to write a letter to Dill using invisible ink. Scout has many relationships with different people, other than her immediate family; she has with Walter and Francis; Calpurnia misses her when she goes to school but still she disciplines her when she is bad; Aunt Alexandra Mrs Dubose think that she has been bought up very badly, being that Atticus is so open-minded and she is without a mother. Even though Scout is the narrator, she does not fully understand the implications of her conversations with Miss Maudie, she thinks that Miss Maudie is accusing Atticus of drinking whisky, Miss Maudies conversation with Miss Stephanie (Chapter 5, pgs50-51) is misunderstood. Scout as a minor is a very realistic character, we see her how she is, she is a innocent, yet clever six year old who knows what shes doing when she does it, she knows how to tell a person from just looking at them and shes often right. Whereas the older Scout is the same but to a different extent, she is more aware of things, and thinks before she acts, she has a humorous side to her which is shown at points through the novel.

Leisure Travel Study Guide free essay sample

Economic impacts of tourism – Tourism effects economy of destination areas. Three categories; 1. ) Increasing foreign exchange earnings. 2. ) increasing income. 3. ) increasing employment. Leakage – occurs first from the cost of goods and services that must be purchased to satisfy the needs of visitors. Increasing income – most common method for estimating income generated from tourism is determining the income multiplier for the destination. Income multipliers measure the mount of local income generated per unit of visitor expenditure. 3 levels of income that must be analyzed: 1. direction (first round of spending by visitors) 2. ) indirect (second round of expenditures by the businesses who receive the first round). 3. ) Induced ( the third and subsequent rounds – income). Environmental Impacts – tourism has often been a direct contributor to environmental degradation. Chapter 3: Reasons for government involvement in tourism – First, there are political reasons. Tourism involves travel across national boundaries. Second there are environmental reasons. Tourism is based on such things as the scenery, history, and cultural heritage of destinations. We will write a custom essay sample on Leisure Travel Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When people make them more acceptable to foreign markets, it messes with that stuff. Third there are economic reasons. Tourism generates income, creates jobs, helps in economic diversification and foreign exchange earnings. To enhance economic advantages government must be involved. Government Roles in tourism – is less developed countries government plays more hands on role in tourism development and operations. 1. ) Tourism Coordination 2. ) Tourism Policy Setting 3. ) Tourism Legislation and Regulation 4. ) Tourism infrastructure development (transportation facilities, other essential services) 5. Tourism Operations – many govs involved through ownership and operations of certain attractions etc. 6. ) Tourism Development Stimulation and Control 7. ) Tourism Marketing and Research 8. ) Tourism Training and Education Constraints – External constraints are those outside the direction control of destination, internal constraints can be influenced by the tourism p olicy. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) – the only official organization that represents governmental interests on a worldwide basis. Agency of United Nations and the leading international organization in the field of tourism. International Civil Aviation Organization – made up of representatives from the governments of approximately 190 contracting states. The principle task is to promote worldwide civil aviation. Established objectives: Safety, Security, Environmental Protection, Efficiency, Continuity, and Rule of Law. World Travel and Tourism Council – provides a forum for business leaders in the travel and tourism industry. National Tourism Organizations – the tourism policy of a country is developed and implemented by its national tourism administration and/or its national tourist office. Official national bodies that is responsible for the development and marketing of tourism in specific countries. Can be: Part of the civil service system as an independent ministry. Second, can be a governmental agency. Third, can be quasi-public government-funded commission, board, or authority. Lastly it can be a private association indirectly supported by government funding. Chapter 4: Government role in controlling tourism – one of governments roles in tourism is setting and enforcing various forms of legislation and regulations. Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements – in addition to legislation and regulations, there are certain agreements that have been reached among foreign countries which have a direct impact on tourism. Multilateral agreements meaning that several countries have signed and agreed to abide by the codes of conduct in the agreements. Bilateral is just between 2 countries. Reasons for destination area legislation and regulations – Laws and regulations allow governments to implement tourism policies and plans, to fulfill government roles in tourism, and to control the impacts of tourism. Specifically for: controlling the entry of foreign visitors and goods. Controlling quality of visitor experience. Ensuring travel Safety. Establishing tourism organizations. Gaming Control. Maintaining building standards. Maintaining operating standards. Protecting the traveler. Protecting the environment and culture. Raising funds for tourism. Forms of destination area legislation and regulations – Certain forms of legislation that are encountered in most destination areas: * Accommodation standards * Alcohol sales laws Civil aviation regulations * Environmental protection and conservation regulations * Health regulations * Innkeeper liability laws * Retail travel agency, tour wholesaler, and operation regulations * Regulations on safety in activity participation * Timesharing laws and regulations Self=Regulation in tourism – A governments main control over individual tourism business operators is through mandatory licensing or registration, which may or may not be sup ported by a system of regular inspects or reviews. The alternative to this is self-regulation, or business regulating themselves. This can be done through private sector associations or specifically created organizations. Trend towards more self regulation going down. Tourism System Models: Part 1 : Destination – Planning developing and controlling tourism. Every destination area that chooses to encourage tourism must be prepared to handle the inflows of visitors, and to deal with the challenge that tourism has the potential of generating both positive and negative impacts. links between 1 and 2 is the tourism product†¦ change in destination could change in marketing) Part 2: Marketing – Strategy, Planning, Promotion, and Distribution (The links between part 2 and 3 is the promotion of travel†¦change in marketing approach could change the market demand. ) Part 3: Demand – The factors influencing the market (the link between part 3 and 4 is the Travel Purchase. Demand and travel may both influence the ot her part). Part 4: Travel – the characteristics of travel. A description and analysis of major travel segments. (the link between 4 and 1 is the Shape of travel. Combination of who is traveling, and where, when and how they are traveling). Model goes beyond a mere description of tourism and its basic principles. A system used to understand the different aspects of tourism and how they relate. Sustainable Tourism Development: The key to achieving an acceptable balance between the positive and negative impacts of tourism seems to be in adopting the principles of sustainable tourism development. The main principles are 1. Ecological sustainability: ensures that tourism development is compatible with the maintenance of essential ecological process and biology. . Social and cultural sustainability: ensures that tourism development increases people’s control over their lives, is compatible with the culture and values of people affected by it, and maintains and strengths community identity. 3. Economic Sustainability: ensures that tourism development is economically efficient and that resources are managed so that they support future generate s The objects of sustainable tourism are to improve the quality of life of the host community, provide a high quality experience for the visitor, and maintain the quality of the environment.

KARL MARX AND ERIK H. ERIKSON essays

KARL MARX AND ERIK H. ERIKSON essays The philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary, Karl Marx, is without a doubt the most influential socialist thinker to emerge in the 19th century. Although scholars in his largely ignored him own lifetime, his social, economic and political ideas gained rapid acceptance in the socialist movement after his death in 1883 historyguide. org/intellect/marx.html. Karl Marx was born in Germany in 1818. He came from a long line of rabbis on both sides of his family and his father, a man who knew Voltaire and Lessing by heart, had agreed to baptism as a Protestant so that he would not lose his job as one of the most respected lawyers in Trier historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html. He lived his life as an independent intellectual and political activist, and worked as a journalist in Germany and in 1843 left for Paris. In 1849 he settled in London and began his scholarly labors in the public reading room of the British Museum. Marx was the dominant intellectual and political fo rce behind the working peoples movement known as the International. He died alone in 1888, shortly after the deaths of his daughter and wife both named Jenny. Marxism as a political and social philosophy took many forms, with different effects-from the terror Stalinism to the aesthetically subtle explorations of economic and cultural life by critical theorists and other students of culture today. Labor-power and Capital is one of the most powerful examples of Marxs critical and structural method (Lermert, C. 30). In this book he talks about the relation between labor and economic value, and says that the secret of capitalist profit cannot be seen in the visible market place, and in his another book he talks about materialist feminism. Marx believed that philosophy ought to be employed in practice to change the world (philosophypages. com/phmarx .htm). He thinks that the worker becomes all...

Economist Skills Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economist Skills - Case Study Example Entering a supervisory role means that one gives up some of the task orientation and gets involved in the planning aspects of the tasks at hand. Rather than being given the daily tasks to perform, as on the line, the supervisor must deal with the constraints (number of people, amount of time, budget) and the requirements (production quantity, quality). Add to this the human management aspects of the job upward. Whereas the plant manager is a distant figure to the people on the line, not sharing the pressures and difficulties of the job, he is more direct and confrontational with his/her supervisors, as they are the first-line managers responsible for getting things done. Managing upwards for Joe means that he must fit the requirements of the company and his capacities to complete them with the people he has. Like an Army lieutenant climbing over the foxhole, he knows that the ultimate goal is not just the next foxhole, but a broader battle plan that he may or may not choose to communicate with his employees. Joe must manage expectations upward. That means that if upper management is asking him to do something for which he doesn't have the resources (e.g. capital equipment, training of his people, time or expertise), Joe must communicate that clearly with management and come to a mutually-satisfying conclusion. The usual pattern on manufactu... In addition, the supervisor moves from top player to coach: rather than carrying out the tasks himself, he must teach those who must do the actual production. It's said that the best coaches are those who were just average players in their sport. Vince Lombardi played professional football with just average results, but he excelled as a coach. The reason for the difference is that coaches understand how to reach down to the mid-performing line worker and motivate him/her to excel. There are any number of ways that Joe could have failed as a first-line manager: He failed to communicate the needs of upper management to the production team, thus failing to give an adequate picture of what was expected, or He did not act as a buffer, or translator, of upper-management wishes. Sometimes the first-line manager will communicate the tension and insecurity of upper management without giving adequate translation into the tasks that need to be completed. He could have failed to supply enough information to give his team members an insight as to why the decisions on production levels, quality and other factors were being asked of them. His production team members were looking to Joe for leadership, not camaraderie. Joe may have found that the tools he used before (being a nice guy, getting along) are different than those he needs now to succeed (providing direction and feedback). How Might This Have Been Avoided Management clearly failed Joe in two key ways: 1. They should have assessed Joe on his leadership qualities, not his ability to perform his work on the line. 2. They should have provided Joe with the management tools he needed in order to succeed, including training, coaching and feedback. Bibliography Berger, D., n.d., It's All About the People, Plant

Summarize two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarize two articles - Essay Example Bankrupt companies in Japan seem to find a way out of their debts by inviting foreign enterprises to bail them out. One example is Elpida Memory which agreed to be taken over by the American Company, Micron Technology for $760 million with the expectation that $1.8 billion be made to pay for Elpida’s debts in banks and other secured creditors at 70% of what they are owed. Unsecured creditors of Elpida, on the other hand only get 20-30% of what they are owed. This has caused much uproar amongst bondholders who complain that the Micron offer was way below the value of the Elpida company, which they claim is valued at $3.8 billion. Hence, they have resorted to seeking other sponsors to take over. In the past, Japan would not have allowed such battle to happen since investors rolled over funds while a restructuring was forced upon them. The government would force the takeover of a bankrupt company, causing negative outcomes for the company itself and its employees, and being a bur den to the economy. Nowadays, bankruptcy is a real option due to more openness to foreign take-overs rescuing failed Japanese

Financial Accounting Theory Essay Example for Free

Financial Accounting Theory Essay The article â€Å"GM to Take Charge of $20. 8-Billion† here reproduced from The Globe and Mail (February 2, 1993) describes the potential impact of SFAS 106, â€Å"Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions,† on General Motors and Ford. For example, it appears that General Motors will be required to record a liability of $20. 8 billion, reducing its shareholders’ equity from $27. 8 billion to $7 billion, about a 75% reduction. Describe and explain how you would expect the efficient securities market to react to this information. SFAS 106, Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions: â€Å"This Statement establishes accounting standards for employers accounting for postretirement benefits other than pensions. It will significantly change the prevalent current practice of accounting for postretirement benefits on a pay-as-you-go (cash) basis by requiring accrual, during the years that the employee renders the necessary service, of the expected cost of providing those benefits to an employee and the employees beneficiaries and covered dependents. In exchange for the current services provided by the employee, the employer promises to provide, in addition to current wages and other benefits, health and other welfare benefits after the employee retires. It follows from that view that postretirement benefits are not gratuities but are part of an employees compensation for services rendered. This Statement relies on a basic premise of generally accepted accounting principles that accrual accounting provides more relevant and useful information than does cash basis accounting. Accrual accounting goes beyond cash transactions and attempts to recognize the financial effects of noncash transactions and events as they occur. Recognition and measurement of the accrued obligation to provide postretirement benefits will provide users of financial statements with the opportunity to assess the financial consequences of employers compensation decisions. In applying accrual accounting to postretirement benefits, this Statement adopts three fundamental aspects of pension accounting: delayed recognition of certain events, reporting net cost, and offsetting liabilities and related assets. (FASB, 2012) I would expect the efficient securities market to find this practice acceptable. â€Å"Accrual-based accounting is more effective than cash-based accounting. A few arguments to support this theory are: certain cash receipts and disbursements are â€Å"lumpy,† within operating cash flows receipts and payments can be lumpy, accrual-based accounting is a better predictor of a company’s long-term financial performance. Also all formal statements need to be set up using accrual-based accounting, and publicly traded companies need to use accrual-based accounting to conform to GAAP standards (Keener, 2012). 2. Chapter 4: Problem 12 (Imax) a. To what extent can revenue growth substitute for net income as a predictor of future earning power? Explain. Use efficient securities market concepts in your answer, and consider the requirement under GAAP for immediate writeoff of research and startup costs. â€Å"Both revenue growth and net income are useful in determining the financial strength of a company, but they are not interchangeable. Net income describes how efficient a company is with its spending and operating costs and how effect ively it has been controlling total costs. Revenue, on the other hand, only indicates how effective a company is at generating sales and does not take into consideration operating efficiencies which could have a dramatic impact on net income (Investopedia, 2012). † â€Å"Start-up costs are defined as â€Å"those unusual one-time costs incurred in putting a new plant into operation, opening a new sales outlet, initiating a new process in an existing plant, or otherwise commencing some new operation (FASB, 2012). † †Costs of start-up activities, including organization costs, should be expensed as incurred (FASB, 2012). â€Å"Definition of Revenue Recognition An accounting principle under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that determines the specific conditions under which income becomes realized as revenue. Generally, revenue is recognized only when a specific critical event has occurred and the amount of revenue is measurable. Revenue Recognition explained For most businesses, income is recog nized as revenue whenever the company delivers or performs its product or service and receives payment for it. However, there are several situations in which exceptions may apply. For example, if a companys business has a very high rate of product returns, revenue should only be recognized after the return period expires. Companies can sometimes play around with revenue recognition to make their financial figures look better. For example, if XYZ Corp. wants to hide the fact that it is having a bad year in sales, it may choose to recognize income that has not yet been collected as revenue in order to boost its sales revenue for the year (Investopedia, 2012). † b. Use the concept of relevance to defend the revenue recognition policies outlined above. Relevant financial statements give information to investors about the firm’s future economic prospects (Scott, 2009). † c. Use the concept of reliability to criticize the revenue recognition policies outlined above. â€Å"To be reliable, information must have representational faithfulness and it must be verifiable and neutral (Scott, 2009). † d. To the extent that investors are aware of the possible use of revenue recognition policies that overstate revenues (even though, for a specific firm, they may not know the extent to which that firm is using such policies), what is the effect on the operation of the capital market? Explain. â€Å"Investors have prior beliefs about a firm’s future performance. These prior beliefs will be based on all available information. If net income is high, or higher than expected, this may be good news. If so, investors would revise upward their beliefs about future performance. Other investors, who perhaps had overly high expectations for what current net income should be, might interpret the same net income number as bad news. Investors who have revised their beliefs about future performance upward will be inclined to buy the firm’s shares at their current market price, and vice versa for those who have revised their beliefs downward. We would expect to observe the volume of shares traded to increase when the firm reports its net income. Furthermore, this volume should be greater the greater are the differences in investors’ prior beliefs and in their interpretations of the current financial information (Scott, 2009). †

A Definition of a Friend Essay example -- Definition Friends Friendshi

A Definition of a Friend Friendship is not simply a "relationship", knowing someone, conversing with that person, or dealing with that person in business, school, or in casual acquaintance. True friendship is not just a "relationship", but self-sacrificing love. A friend is also one who supports, sympathizes, and is a person in whom you can confide. There are unique qualities that a person must have to be considered a friend. An acquaintance is not automatically considered a friend. Just because you know someone does not mean there is an instant friendship.This does not mean that an acquaintance cannot change into a valued friendship. There are qualities that a friend must have, but time is also a factor. A friendship can develop in as short as a day, or it could take as long as a few years for full development.In the end, if time is taken for full development, then a real friendship will develop.The main way that trust is built up is with time. When you and a friend have trust, there will usually be a strong friendship. When there is no time spent together, then th...

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa was perhaps the boldest, most ambitious but at the same time most foolish and ill-timed operation executed by Nazi Germany during World War II. This operation committed Germany to war against the Soviet Union which it invaded on June 22, 1941 and terminated on March of 1942. In the early stages of the campaign, the Germans employed the same bilitzkrieg tactics that served them well in the western campaigns.They were hoping to duplicate that same victory against the Soviets and were lulled into a false sense of confidence when they covered a lot of ground and scored many victories which netted them scores of prisoners of war. When 1942 came along, German high command began to realize later on how wrong they were and thus began a protracted war in what they came to call the â€Å"eastern front. † This operation was intended to be the fulfillment of Hitler's vision of lebensraum (living space) in his work, Mein Kampf.â€Å"If land was desired in Europe, it c ould be obtained by and large only at the expense of Russia, and this meant that the new Reich must again set itself on the march along the road of the Teutonic Knights of old, to obtain by the German sword sod for the German plow and daily bread for the nation†¦ †¦ Destiny itself seems to wish to point out the way to us here†¦ This colossal empire in the East is ripe for dissolution, and the end of the Jewish domination in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a state. † (cited in Shirer 124, 1044; Riasanovsky 515; Hitler)Politically, the clashing extremist ideologies of both Germany and the Soviet Union gave the Nazis even more impetus to invade Russia, considering it as a new crusade against communism which they believed was the creation of the Jews for whom Hitler and the Nazis could see no good. Furthermore, Hitler envisioned the Slavic people as a race that would serve the purpose of the Aryan race by wither being their slaves or â€Å"sport† whe rein they would provide them with something to hunt or kill to maintain their virility (Hitler).This was an opportunity for the Nazis to eradicate these enemies in one fell swoop, once and for all. The Spanish civil war of 1936 gave the Germans a taste of war against the communist where they even went face to face against Soviet â€Å"volunteers† in this conflict (Riasanovsky 514-515). As Hitler's armies were annexing neighboring states as part of restoring Germany's glory and patrimony, Hitler began conducting diplomatic overtures as part of his strategy to keep potential adversaries at bay, even for just a while and the Soviet Union was one of them.Thus began secret dipomatic maneuvers which resulted in the non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union prior to the invasion of Poland where the latter was invited to take part in it. Furthermore, this pact served other purposes other than buying time for Germany to attack Russia. Strategically, Germany needed Russi an territory to be able to transport resources to them following the blockade of the sealanes by the Allies, especially oil which was vital to Germany's war economy and machinery (Shirer 821-822).Despite entering into these agreements, secret or otherwise, both Germany and the Soviet Union still harbored suspicions and animosities against each other, primarily due to irreconcilable differences in ideology where both sides represent the opposite of political extremes, fascism and communism. The Soviets too saw the pact as an alliance of convenience on their part as they began their own expansion by invading the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as well as Finland, which was an ally of Germany in 1940.For the sake of keeping the peace with the Soviets, the Germans remained silent as their minor ally was attacked by the Soviets. Germany also felt insecure when the Soviets occupied the Baltic states which they also felt was theirs owing to historical precedence and even mor e concerned when the Soviets were also moving into Romania, another German ally further heightening tensions between these two supposed allies but it was rather apparent that conflict between them would be inevitable as both sides were taking advantage of each other, with the Soviets being the first (Riasanovsky 517; Shirer 832-836, 883).The Nazis entered into a treaty with the Soviets as an alliance of convenience hoping to get more from the treaty. As the war was progressing in the west, the Germans were beginning to realize how difficult the Russians were as negotiators as the latter were driving very hard bargains, especially Stalin. It is revealed in captured German government documents that Stalin also took part in negotiations and was a very tough negotiator who could not be pushed into a compromise and always sought a better deal for Russia and was very demanding.No amount of persuasion and even threats could deter the Russian autocrat (Shirer 882). The German war plan calle d for a one-front war in order to conserve and husband their resources. Though most of western Europe was not occupied, Great Britain remained defiant and continued to hold out in a protracted aerial battle over their airspace where they were able to inflict heavy casualties on the German Luftwaffe (air force), thereby forestalling any plans for a seaborne invasion by the Germans well into 1941.By 1941, Hitler began to become impatient on how the campaign against the British was going. It also did not help that Germany was also suffering an acute shortage of resources and this was what prompted Hitler to jump the proverbial gun and attack Russia, thinking also that the British would not give him a problem as he decided to shelve the invasion of Britain and leave it to his U-Boats to strangle Britain economically.By December of 1940, Hitler already had plans for the invasion from his generals and it was hoped that the attack would commence in the spring of 1941. The plan was codename d â€Å"Barbarossa,† after the Holy Roman emperor who was one of the co-leaders of the Third Crusade; an apt name for the operation since Hitler regarded this planned offensive as a new crusade and it also came at a time when relations between Berlin and Moscow were starting to turn sour as both sides appear to sense that they were double-crossing each other (Shirer 1045, 1049).Another reason for Hitler's desire to attack Russia the soonest was to seal Britain's fate, leaving her with no ally when he said: â€Å"But if Russia is smashed, Britain's last hope will be shattered. Then Germany will be master of Europe and the Balkans†¦ In view of these considerations, Russia must be liquidated†¦ The sooner Russia is smashed, the better. † (cited in Shirer 1047) Furthermore, Hitler also said that â€Å"When Barbarossa commences, the world wil hold its breath and make no comment.† (cited in Shirer 1078) Hitler was apparently lulled into a false sense of confi dence following the victories of German forces in Poland and western Europe and he felt they could do it again in Russia which made him even more confident because he regarded the Russians as inferior despite their large population and their inferiority would make it easy for Germany to defeat and conquer them. He was confident that he would succeed where Napoleon had failed, by conquering Russia quickly and in the shortest span of time possible.The rationale for this was to avoid the harsh Russian winter which was one of the reasons why Napoleon failed and he would not want to make that same mistake Napoleon did. Furthermore, if the Russian campaign would drag on beyond winter, they also had to contend with the following spring where the snow-covered ground would turn muddy, which would play havoc on their powerful war machines which they had never encountered in the western front.He was so driven and obsessed in attacking Russia that he disregarded the advice of his commanders to commence campaigns elsewhere by constantly stating Russia had to be eliminated first and that everything else could wait. The plan called for a six-month time table but constant foot-dragging and waging campaigns in the Balkans and North Africa delayed plans well into June of 1941 (Shirer 1087-1088). Alongside the military planning, Hitler also spelled out his political plans for Russia once the invasion commenced in what became known as the â€Å"Commissar Order.† Hitler saw the war also as a battle of ideologies and he saw the need to eliminate those who propagate it when he stated: â€Å"The commissars are the bearers of ideologies directly opposed to National Socialism. Therefore the commissars will be liquidated. German soldiers guilty of breaking international law will be excused. Russia has not participated in the Hague Convention and therefore has no rights under it. † (cited in Shirer 1089) It can further be inferred here that Hitler was intent on deliberately committing murder by ordering the systematic execution of any political commissar captured by German forces.Most of Hitler's commanders objected to it. These were professional soldiers who knew that murder was not part of a soldier's duty and this would be something they would have to deal with when several of them would be brought to trial in Nuremberg in 1945 (Shirer 1089-1090). In an apparent display of overconfidence, Alfred Rosenberg, one of Hitler's lieutenants, prematurely made a proposal on how to divide Russia into political administrations, each with an given German name.The Baltic region and Belarus would be called Ostland; the Ukraine, along with its adjacent areas; Southern Russia running along the Caucasus mountains would be called Kaukasus; the areas surrounding Moscow, Moskau; and Turkestan for the central regions, each ruled by the modern-day German version of the ancient Roman prefect. Furthermore, plans were already in motion on how to best exploit Russia's resou rces. They intend to use it to feed Germany's industries and its people.They were acutely aware of the adverse consequences it would have on the Russian people in terms of hunger but the Nazis could not care less on what would happen even if millions of Russians would perish under their proposed policies (Shirwe 1091-1092). The forces Hitler arrayed against Russia was made up of 175 army divisions, supported by formidable artillery and armored divisions, both from the Wehrmacht (regular army) and his elite Waffen-SS. These were divided into three army groups, North, Center and South, each given specific objectives to capture.To the north, under the command of Field Marshal Wilhelmvon Leeb, the target was Leningrad. As the city's name implies, it was named after Lenin, the acknowledged father of the Russian Revolution which incidentally began in that city, then named Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and the Soviet Union and therefore, one of the symbolic targets of the German invasion forc es. Historially, Hitler believed Leningrad was once part of the territory conquered by the Teutonic Knights of the Middle Ages and he was simply trying to take back what belonged to Germany by virtue of conquest (Salisbury 37).The center group, under Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, would head for the capital Moscow, reminiscent of Napoleon's actions. The southern forces under Field Marshal Gert von Rundstedt would head for Kiev and Rostov-on-Don in what is now part of the Ukraine which was the Soviet Union's agricultural heartland as well as the road to the oil-rich fields of the Caucasus and Black Sea area (Riasanovsky 518-519). Follow-on forces would come soon to do mop-up operations and to deal with any partisan or guerrilla activity in the occupied areas.All in all, the Nazi regime had already made grandiose plans on what to do with Russia, believing they would finally succeed where Napoleon had failed in addition to the fact that Russia's conquest would be the fulfillment of Hitl er's visions defined in Mein Kampf. On the part of the Soviets, they had the numerical superiority over the Germans with roughly 8 million men to the Germany's 4 million which also included its allies from Italy, Hungary, Finland and Romania.They even had ten times the number of artillery, armored vehicles and aircraft arrayed against the Germans as well. In terms of numbers, the Soviets were by no means weak. If there was one weakness of the Red Army, it was its diversity with men from the various Soviet republics and whose dispositions ranged from cooperative to hostile towards one another even before they faced the Germans.Furthermore, majority of the Soviet forces initially arrayed were made up primarily of conscripts coming mainly from the peasantry, a throwback of the Tsarist era. The commissars were the ones who primarily kept them in line, not just to preserve ideological purity but meting out discipline instead of the officers assigned to the units and even tried to lead th em, replacing the ones persecuted even though they lacked the qualifications. Communications and leadership was also poor.This was partly Stalin's fault during the Great Purge of the 1930's where several competent senior officers of the Red Army were victims of the purges, depriving their units of capable leaders. As a result, these units were routed with millions killed and taken prisoner (Parker 60). Overall command was under Field Marshal Georgi Zhukov who had distinguished himself in the far east in border clashes against the Japanese which gave him a reputation of being a successful commander.Countering the three German offensive groups are three â€Å"Directions† tasked with forming the defense of their assigned territory and launch a counteroffensive. They were the North-Western Direction under Colonel Generals Markian Popov and Fyodor Kuznetsov which covers the Baltic region; the Western Direction under General Dimitry Pavlov which covers the areas west of Moscow and the South-Western Direction under Generals Mikhail Kirponos and Ivan Tyulenev concentrating on the Ukraine (Parker 107; Riasanovsky 518).Despite having more war machines compared to the Germans, they were inferior in quality. The Soviets initially had the T-28 medium tanks which could not stand up to the supeior armor the Germans prepared the Panzer I-III series. Although the Soviets had quality armor like the T-34 and KV-1, they were not abundant in number and were reserved for first-line units, particularly the elite â€Å"Guards† units.For air assets, once more, the quality of Soviet combat aircraft was inferior to ther Germans as they fielded the Poikarpov I-16, Lavochkin-3 and Mig-3 which were mediocre compared to the superior Bf109 fighter planes of the Luftwaffe which made short work of the Red Air Force which were on peacetime status, with aircraft parked closely together in the airfields, making them easy targets for high-altitude bombers and the dreaded Stuka dive b ombers of the Luftwaffe (Batty).On the political front, even Stalin was aware of an imminent conflict with Germany and that the treaties they had would not last much longer as tensions between the two supposed allies were increasing as both sides began to sense the duplicity of the other. Yet, he refused to heed the warnings coming from intelligence agents in the field of an impending German attack and those who merely did their duty were branded as â€Å"provocateurs† and censured, if not arrested.He even ignored warnings from British and American emissaries who were aware of the dangers, thinking it was a ruse to make him show his hand prematurely and not wanting to make the mistake Nicholas II did in 1914. Stalin held absolute power and did not permit any autonomy nor initiative among his subordinates (Salisbury 37). Although German aircraft hadalready been intruding into Soviet airspace, Stalin gave orders not to meet or engage them.His hesitation proved costly as it sent a message to the Germans that the Soviets were complacent, making it the ripe time to attack. The first phase of the war began with air strikes on key military bases and cities to sow terror, panic and confusion as well as cripple and hinder Soviet forces. By the end of the opening phase, the Lufwaffe enjoyed total air superiority over Soviet territory, making them virtually unopposed as they managed to destroy a lot of Soviet aircraft on the ground and shoot down those that managed to take off but were inferior in quality.This was followed up by a simultaneous attack by all three German army groups in their respective fronts and they were able to catch the Soviets off guard, resulting in numerous Soviet casualties and prisoners. They would duplicate the same tactic they did in Poland wherein they would bypass heavier enemy units and encircle them, cutting them off from any support and crush them. They would apply the same tactic as well on major Soviet cities, besieging them and s tarving their people although in the case of Leningrad, Hitler wanted it destroyed (Riasanovsky 518; Salisbury 40).Surprisingly, they were happily welcomed by the civilian population in the Ukraine and the Baltic states who hated Stalin and his communist regime. For them, the Germans were liberators instead of invaders and this had helped the Germans gain a foothold into Soviet territory (Batty). However, by the fourth week of the campaign, the progress bogged down as the German forces were overextended and needed time to allow for support units to catch up. By the time they were able to resume again, winter had set in.Even though it provided mobility due to hardened ground, the conditions were do dismal and German forces were beginning to understand now why Napoleon failed as severe blizzards wrought havoc on the invaders who were unprepared for â€Å"General Winter,† the same foe Napoleon faced and had proven to be a far more formidable foe than any army the Germans had fou ght. At the same time, fresh Soviet troops from the east were deployed and they fought doggedly and with more determination, further slowing down the German advance.What had hoped to be finished in three to six months would run for four more years and would eventually bleed German resources dry. The Soviets may have been brought down initially but they were not out of the running as they managed to recover and become stronger in the latter phase of the campaign. In conclusion, Operation Barbarossa started off well but in the middle, it began to lose steam and thus forcing the Germans to fight a kind of war they did not want, especially against Russia which was a war of attrition.It was considered a failure because the Germans failed to meet their objectives of capturing the key cities and failed to meet their timetable, causing them to be caught up in a winter war they were ill-prepared for. This was attributed to the constant delay of the commencement of the attack. The delay cause d them to be caught up by the winter season and Hitler refused to heed his generals' advice for a pause to allow the winter to pass.Hitler's obsession for going on the offensive caused the German forces to be stretched too thin making the rear areas vulnerable to stay-behind forces and partisan attacks which tied down his forces. The dogged and tenacious resistance put up by the Soviets despite their inferior quality bought time for them to transfer their industries to the remote regions beyond the Urals where they were safe from attacks or capture and enabled the Soviets to reconstitute their forces. Finally, they underestimated the capabilities of the Red Army, especially the Nazi leadership who looked down on the Slavs.Finally, the Germans fought a war they did not want, a 3-front campaign: Western Europe, North Africa and Mediterranean and the Eastern Front which severely divided their forces and resources, not to mention fighting multiple enemies, especially with the entry of t he United States into the war. The Soviets too had their faults which nearly cost them the war, and Stalin was to blame for decimating his officer corps during the 1930 purges. His â€Å"iron will† of not permitting retreat also caused numerous casualties and prisoners as his commissars and loyal commanders blindly followed his orders.His saving grace was the leadership in the front provided by Zhukov who cleverly went around Stalin's orders to husband his forces that enabled them to recover and regain lost ground in the subsequent battles owing to the characteristic resilience of the Russian forces, interspersed with patriotic fervor. The Soviets ay have lost the initial battles but they eventually won the war because of this and eventually took the war to the Germans and visited upon them the same havoc they wrought upon them. Works Cited â€Å"Barbarossa (June-December 1941). † The World at War. Writ. Peter Batty. Thames. 1973.Hitler, Adolf. â€Å"Mein Kampf. † Hitler. Org. 1924. Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Parker, Robert Alexander Clarke. The Second World War: A Short History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. A History of Russia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. Salisbury, Harrison E. â€Å"The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. † True Stories of World War II . Ed. Nancy J. Sparks. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. , 1969. 35-63. Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.

Anne Brandstreet and Female Identity Essay - 533 Words

There are not many â€Å"major† female writers in American Literature, and writing, traditionally, has always been viewed as a masculine activity. It is therefore very interesting, and even ironic, that the first author published in the newly established Puritan society on the American soil, Anne Bradstreet, was a female. Indeed, Bradstreets poems are filled with female presence. However, I also sense that Bradstreet’s feminism is held in check by her Puritan values, and there is a conflict created throughout her writing between this society of Puritan patriarchy that she lived in and her identity as a female. Bradstreet’s poems are focused on the simple pleasures found in the realities of the present. She rejoices in the†¦show more content†¦This tone ventures farther across that thin line as she writes about the great female Queen Elizabeth I: â€Å"Now say, have women worth? Or they have none? Or had they some, but with our Queen is’t gone? Nay masculines, you have thus taxed us long, But she, though dead, will vindicate our wrong, Let such as say our sex be void of reason, Know ‘tis a slander now but once was treason.† Here Bradstreet almost masks her female identity by using humor to laugh at the Puritan beliefs on women as being unfit and unreasonable as compared to men. However, while questioning and laughing somewhat at the traditional view of women in her society, Bradstreet does not take a feminist view. Through the use of Queen Elizabeth as a figure representing the greatness, intellect, power, and reason of a woman, Bradstreet could have pointed to the fact that women can indeed reign over men, and are just as capable. Instead all Bradstreet says is that Elizabeth â€Å"will vindicate our (the women’s) wrong.† In other words, she is one of a kind. Puritan patriarchy demands this subordination of the female, and this mindset is shared by Bradstreet as she is held in check by her Puritan piety. In her poem to her husband, she writes, â€Å"If ever two were one, then surely we.† Indeed, this line could also be used to describe Bradstreet’s poetry itself, as there are two seemingly conflicting elements of her Puritan